What brain regions typically show abnormal activity in individuals with bipolar disorder?

Individuals with bipolar disorder often exhibit abnormal activity in the frontal, sub-cortical, and limbic regions of the brain, which are critical areas involved in mood regulation, emotional processing, and executive functioning. The frontal regions, including the prefrontal cortex, are associated with decision-making, impulse control, and regulating emotions. Dysfunction in these areas can lead to the characteristic mood swings and impulsivity seen in bipolar disorder.

The sub-cortical regions, such as the amygdala, are vital for processing emotions and can show altered activation patterns during mood episodes, contributing to the heightened emotional states experienced during manic or depressive phases. The limbic system, which includes structures like the hippocampus, plays a significant role in emotion and memory, further illustrating why abnormalities in these areas are relevant in the context of bipolar disorder.

This combination of areas provides a comprehensive picture of how bipolar disorder affects brain function, linking neurological underpinnings to the psychological symptoms observed in individuals diagnosed with this condition.